Monday, 18 November 2013

Negative Prefixes: un-, im-, in-, il-, and ir-, and dis-

A negative prefix is a prefix which carries a negative meaning 'not' , 'opposite of'.

Common negative prefixes in English are un-, im-, in-, il-, and ir-, and dis-. Some of these prefixes are only attached to a noun or an adjective while some are only attached to a verb. It is not possible to predict whether the negative prefix un-, in-, or dis- is used with a particular word. The correct form must be learned.

1. The negative prefix un-
Undamaged (Adj.)      Not damaged or not spoiled   Undesirable (Adj.)      Not wanted   Unemployment (N.)    No work, job

It is important to distinguish the negative prefix un- 'not' from the prefix un- 'do the reverse of' which is normally attached to a verb. The resulting word remains a verb.

Undo (V.)    To cancel the effect of something     Undress (V.)    To remove one's clothes

2. The negative prefixes in-, im-, il-, ir-

These prefixes are normally attached to an adjective. The resulting word remains an adjective.
il + l       illegal (Adj.)             Against the law, not legal
im + b    imbalanced (N.)       Not balance                         im + p     impossible (Adj.)    Not possible
im + m   immeasurable (Adj.) No able to be measured
ir + r      irregular (Adj.)         Not regular
in + other consonants            incomplete (Adj.)       Not complete

It is also important to distinguish the meaning of the prefix im- or in- 'not' from those carrying the meaning 'in, into' which forms a verb.
im + p                            import (V.)        To bring goods from a foreign country
in + other consonants     incorporate (V)  To make something part of the whole

3. The negative prefix dis- 'not, opposite of, away'

This prefix is normally attached to a verb, an adjective or a noun. The resulting words can be a verb, an adjective or a noun.

disappear (V.)     become no longer visible 
discard (V.)         throw something away

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